Anatolia- a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast.
Aphlaston- The high upcurving stern of Greek oared warships.
Artemis- she was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and that she was the twin sister of Apollo
BMC- The British Museum published most of its massive collection of Greek coins in 29 volumes from 1873-1929. The series, called BMC Greek, is the largest collection of ancient Greek coins ever published.
Caduceus- In later Antiquity the caduceus may have provided the basis for the astrological symbol representing the planet Mercury and in Roman iconography was often depicted being carried in the left hand of the Greek god Hermes (Roman god, Mercury), the messenger of thegods, guide of the dead and protector of merchants, shepherds, gamblers, liars and thieves.
Caria- a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia.
Cicero- a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
Cimmerian- ancient equestrian nomads who originally inhabited the region north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea, in what is now Ukraine and Russia, in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Recorded as having conquered Phrygia in 696-695 BC, prompting the Phrygian king Midas to take poison rather than face capture.
Conventus- a conventus was the capital city of a subdivision of some provinces (Dalmatia, Spain, Asia) with functions of seat of a district court of justice and maybe others.
Cornucopia- a symbol of food and abundance dating back to the 5th century BC, also referred to as horn of plenty, Horn of Amalthea, and harvest cone.
Cybele- the Phrygian deification of the Earth Mother
Dikaiosyne- A female personification of fair dealing, this was one of the most common reverse types of Alexandria. She is always shown holding scales and cornucopiae.
Gaius Caesar- Gaius Julius Caesar (20 BC - AD 4), most commonly known as Gaius Caesar or Caius Caesar, was the oldest son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was born with the name Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa, but when he was adopted by his maternal grandfather Roman Emperor Augustus, his name was changed to Gaius Julius Caesar.
Galatia- Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycia, and on the west by Phrygia.The modern capital of Turkey, Ankara (ancient Ancyra), was also the capital of ancient Galatia.
Genitive- In grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun but it can also indicate various relationships other than possession; certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case.
Hellenistic- Hellenistic civilization represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world from 323 BC to about 146 BC (or arguably as late as 30 BC). It was immediately preceded by the Classical Greece period, and immediately followed by the rule of Rome over the areas Greece had earlier dominated – although much of Greek culture, art and literature permeated Roman society, whose elite spoke and read Greek as well as Latin.
Hittites- Ancient people of Asia Minor and Syria who flourished from 1600 to 1200 B.C. The Hittites, a people of Indo-European connection, were supposed to have entered Cappadocia around 1800 B.C. The Hittite empire, with its capital at Bogazköy (also called as Hattusas), was the chief power and cultural force in Western Asia from 1400 to 1200 B.C. It was a loose confederation that broke up under the invasions (c.1200 B.C.) of the Thracians, Phrygians, and Assyrians. The Neo-Hittite kingdom (c.1050-c.700 B.C.) that followed was conquered by the Assyrians. The Hittites were one of the first peoples to smelt iron successfully. They spoke an Indo-European language.
Laureate- a wreath of laurel leaves tied in the back with the ends of the ribbon hanging down behind.
Lituus- The lituus was a cult instrument in Roman religion, used by augurs to mark out a ritual space in the sky (a templum). The passage of birds through this templum indicated divine favor or disfavor for a given undertaking.The lituus is also used as a symbol of office for the college of the augurs to mark them out as a priestly group.
Lydia- an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern Turkish provinces of Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Anatolian language known as Lydian.At its greatest extent, the Kingdom of Lydia covered all of western Anatolia. Lydia was later the name for a Roman province. Coins were invented in Lydia around 660 BC.
Maeander- ancient name of the Büyük Menderes River, c.250 mi (400 km) long, W Turkey. It rises in three branches W of Afyonkarahisar and flows generally W into the Aegean Sea. Its valley is extremely fertile. Its winding and wandering course gave rise to the word meander.
Marsyas- In Greek mythology, the satyr Marsyas (gr. Μαρσύας) is a central figure in two stories involving music: in one, he picked up the double flute (aulos) that had been abandoned by Athena and played it; in the other, he challenged Apollo to a contest of music and lost his hide and life. In Antiquity, literary sources often emphasise the hubris of Marsyas and the justice of his punishment.Marsyas was a devoté of the ancient Mother Goddess Rhea/Cybele, and his episodes are sited by the mythographers in Celaenae (or Kelainai) in Phrygia (today, the town of Dinar in Turkey), at the main source of the Meander (the river Menderes).
Men- local god of the Phrygians. Moon god worshiped widely in Asia Minor during Roman times and also in Attica from the 3rd century bc. Little is known of his origin, but he may have been connected with the Persian moon god Mao. His name was usually written together with a cult title, often an adjective denoting a locality, and his most frequent attributes were the pine cone, bucranium (ox skull), and chicken. He was represented as a male figure with a crescent moon behind his shoulders. A temple of Men has been excavated at Antioch in Pisidia (modern Yalvaç, Turkey).
Monogram- A monogram is a motif made by overlapping or combining two or more letters or other graphemes to form one symbol.
Nike- a goddess who personified triumph throughout the ages of the ancient Greek culture. She is known as the Winged goddess of Victory. The Roman equivalent was Victoria.
Nominative- The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. (Basically, it is a noun that is doing something, usually joined (such as in Latin) with the accusative case.)
Pergamon- an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, north-western Anatolia, 16 miles from the Aegean Sea, located on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Today, the main sites of ancient Pergamon are to the north and west of the modern city of Bergama.
Praetorship- Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army, either before it was mustered or more typically in the field, or an elected magistrate assigned duties that varied depending on the historical period.The magistracy was called the praetura(praetorship). Its functions were described by the adjective: the praetoria potestas and praetorium imperium (praetorian power and authority) and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), a body of legal precedents set down by the praetors.
Proconsul- In the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a promagistrate (like a propraetor) who, after serving as consul, spent a year as a governor of a province. Certain provinces were reserved for proconsuls; who received which one by senatorial appointment was determined by random choosing or negotiation between the two proconsuls.Under the Empire, the Emperor derived a good part of his powers (alongside the military imperium and the tribunician power and presidency of the senate in Rome) from a constitutionally 'exceptional' (but permanent) mandate as the holder of proconsular authority over all, hence, so-called Imperial provinces, generally with one or more legions garrisoned (often each under a specific legate); however, he would appoint legates and other promagistrates to govern each such province in his name. The former Consuls (constitutionally still eponymic chief magistrates of the res publica, but politically powerless) would still receive a term as proconsul of one of the other, so-called Senatorial provinces.
Quadriga- chariot drawn by four horses abreast (the Roman equivalent of Greek Tethrippon). It was raced in the Olympic Games and other games. It is represented in profile as the chariot of gods and heroes on Greek vases and in bas-relief. The quadriga was adopted in ancient Roman chariot racing. Quadrigas were emblems of triumph.
RPC- Roman Provincial Coinage by A. Burnett, M. Amandry, P. P. Ripollès, and I. Carradice.
Sebastos- ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ (ΣΕΒ) or CEBACTOC (CEB)The Greek equivalent of Augustus.
Stephanus of Byzantium- also known as Stephanus Byzantinus (Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος; fl. 6th century) was the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Εθνικά). Of the dictionary itself only meagre fragments survive, but we possess an epitome compiled by one Hermolaus. The work is of enormous value for geographical, mythological, and religious information about ancient Greece. The last complete standard edition was that of Augustus Meineke (1849), and by convention, references to the text use Meineke's page numbers. The first modern edition of the work was that published by the Aldine Press in 1502. A new completely revised edition in German is in preparation by Margarethe Billerbek.
Tributary- A tributary is a stream or river which flows into a mainstem (or parent) river. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea. Tributaries and the mainstem river serve to drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater by leading the water out into an ocean or some other largebody of water.
